How to reduce tummy without exercise in easy way?

My tummy ?????

1. Don't eat to much White Rice but if you like more rice replace it with a Brown Rice.
*don't eat too much junk foods
*Eat slowly..
                                 😂😂😂👎

2. Drink 8 glass of water or more, much better if you drink water first before you eat and lukewarm water instead of cold once.

3. Have a planned diet.

 *Avoid eating the fatty part of meat.
 *Eat vagetables and fruits. Much better if you eat fruits before you eat your meal.

4. Beat stress and have enough sleep.

5. Get your Posture Right and Try to have a long walk.

6. Cleanse your system everyday.

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HIV OR AIDS

What is HIV OR AIDS?

HIV stands for the human immunodeficiency virus:

H - Human. This virus infects human beings.

I - Immunodeficiency. This virus attacks a person's immune system. The immune system is the body's defense against infections, such as bacteria and viruses. Once attacked by HIV, the immune system becomes deficient and doesn't work properly.

V - Virus. A virus is a type of germ too small to be seen even with a microscope.

HIV is a virus. Some viruses, such as the ones that cause colds or flu, stay in the body for only a few days. HIV, however, never goes away. A person who is infected with HIV is said to be "HIV positive." Once a person is HIV positive, that person will always be HIV positive.

What does the virus do?

All viruses must infect living cells to reproduce. HIV takes over certain immune system cells that are supposed to defend the body. These cells are called CD4 cells, or T cells.

When HIV takes over a CD4 cell, it turns the cell into a virus factory. It forces the cell to produce thousands of copies of the virus. These copies then infect other CD4 cells. Infected cells don't work well and they die early. Over time, the loss of CD4 cells weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to stay healthy

Causes of HIV and AIDS

HIV can be passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact.

HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs and cells of the human immune system.

The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) - a drug therapy that slows or prevents the growth of new HIV viruses.

The rate of virus progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many factors;

These factors include the age of the patient, the body's ability to defend against HIV, access to healthcare, existence of other infections, the infected person's genetic inheritance, resistance to certain strains of HIV, and more.

How is HIV transmitted?

Sexual transmission - it can happen when there is contact with infected sexual fluids (rectal, genital, or oral mucous membranes). This can happen while having unprotected sex, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex, or sharing sex toys with someone infected with HIV.

Perinatal transmission - a mother can pass the infection on to her child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding.

Blood transmission - the risk of transmitting HIV through blood transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed countries, thanks to meticulous screening and precautions. However, among injection or IV drug users, sharing and reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood is extremely hazardous.

HIV symptoms

For the most part, the symptoms of HIV are the result of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and/or parasites.

These conditions do not normally develop in individuals with healthy immune systems, which protect the body against infection.

Symptoms of early HIV infection

Many people with HIV have no symptoms for several months to even years after becoming infected. Others may develop symptoms similar to flu, usually 2-6 weeks after catching the virus.

The symptoms of early HIV infection may include:

• fever
• chills
• joint pain
• muscle aches
• sore throat
• sweats (particularly at night)
• enlarged glands
• a red rash
• tiredness
• weakness
• unintentional weight loss

Asymptomatic HIV

In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will not be any further symptoms for many years.

During this time, the virus carries on developing and damaging the immune system and organs. Without being on medications to stop HIV's replication, this process can take up to 10 years on average. The infected person often experiences no symptoms, feels well, and appears healthy.

Late-stage HIV infection

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include:

• blurred vision
• diarrhea, which is usually persistent or chronic
• dry cough
• fever of above 100 °F (37 °C) lasting for weeks
• night sweats
• permanent tiredness
• shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• swollen glands lasting for weeks
• unintentional weight loss
• white spots on the tongue or mouth

During late-stage HIV infection, the risk of developing a life-threatening illness is much greater. Life-threatening illnesses may be controlled, avoided,and/or treated with proper medications, often including HIV treatment.

HIV and AIDS myths and facts

There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS. The virus CANNOT be transmitted from:

• shaking hands
• hugging
• casual kissing
• sneezing
• touching unbroken skin
• using the same toilet
• sharing towels
• sharing cutlery
• mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
• or other forms of "casual contact"

How is it treated?

The standard treatment for HIV is a combination of medicines called antiretroviral therapy, or ART. Antiretroviral medicines slow the rate at which the virus multiplies.

Taking these medicines can reduce the amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy.

Medical experts recommend that people begin treatment for HIV as soon as they know that they are infected.1, 2

To monitor the HIV infection and its effect on your immune system, a doctor will regularly do two tests:

• Viral load, which shows the amount of virus in your blood.
• CD4+ cell count, which shows how well your immune system is working.

After you start treatment, it's important to take your medicines exactly as directed by your doctor. When treatment doesn't work, it is often because HIV has become resistant to the medicine. This can happen if you don't take your medicines correctly.

How can you prevent HIV?

HIV is often spread by people who don't know they have it. So it's always important to protect yourself and others by taking these steps:

• Practice safer sex. Use a condomevery time you have sex (including oral sex) until you are sure that you and your partner aren't infected with HIV or other sexually transmitted infection (STI).
• Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with one partner who has sex only with you.
• Talk to your partner before you have sex the first time. Find out if he or she is at risk for HIV. Get tested together. Getting tested again at 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the first test can be done to be sure neither of you is infected. Use condoms in the meantime.
• Don't drink a lot of alcohol or use illegal drugs before sex. You might let down your guard and not practice safer sex.
• Don't share personal items, such as toothbrushes or razors.
• Never share needles or syringes with anyone.

SKIN CANCER

What is Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. It occurs when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations, or genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors.

There are 3 main types of skin cancers:

• 1. Basal cell skin cancers (basal cell carcinomas)
• 2. Squamous cell skin cancers (squamous cell carcinomas)
• 3. Melanomas

Basal and squamous cell cancers

Basal and squamous cell skin cancers are by far the most common cancers of the skin. Both are found mainly on parts of the body exposed to the sun, such as the head and neck. These cancers are strongly related to a person’s sun exposure.

Basal and squamous cell skin cancers are by far the most common cancers of the skin. Both are found mainly on parts of the body exposed to the sun, such as the head and neck. These cancers are strongly related to a person’s sun exposure.

Basal and squamous cell cancers are much less likely than melanomas to spread to other parts of the body and become life threatening. Still, it’s important to find and treat them early. If left alone, they can grow larger and invade nearby tissues and organs, causing scarring, deformity, or even loss of function in some parts of the body. Some of these cancers (especially squamous cell cancers) can spread if not treated, and can sometimes even be fatal. 

Signs and symptoms of basal cell 

carcinomas include:

• *Appearance of a shiny pink, red, pearly, or translucent bump

• *Pink skin growths or lesions with raised borders that are crusted in the center

• *Raised reddish patch of skin that may crust or itch, but is usually not painful

• *A white, yellow, or waxy area with a poorly defined border that may resemble a scar
• Signs and symptoms of squamous cell carcinomas include:
• • *Persistent, scaly red patches with irregular borders that may bleed easily
  • *Open sore that does not go away for weeks
  • *A raised growth with a rough surface that is indented in the middle
  • *A wart-like growth

Melanomas

Melanomas are cancers that develop from melanocytes, the cells that make the brown pigment that gives skin its color. Melanocytes can also form benign (non-cancerous) growths called moles. (Your doctor might call the mole a nevus.)

Melanomas can occur anywhere on the body, but are more likely to start in certain areas. The trunk (chest and back) is the most common place in men. In women, the legs are the most common site. The neck and face are other common places for melanoma to start.

Melanomas are not as common as basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers, but they can be far more serious. Like basal cell and squamous cell cancers, melanoma can almost always be cured in its early stages. But if left alone, melanoma is much more likely to spread to other parts of the body, where it can be very hard to treat.

The first melanoma signs and symptoms often are:

• A change in an existing mole
• The development of a new pigmented or unusual-looking growth on your skin

Melanoma doesn't always begin as a mole. It can also occur on otherwise normal-appearing skin.

Other skin cancers

There are many other types of skin cancers as well, but they are much less common:

• Merkel cell carcinoma
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Cutaneous (skin) lymphoma
• Skin adnexal tumors (tumors that start in hair follicles or sweat and oil glands)
• Various types of sarcomas 

Together, these types account for less than 1% of all skin cancers.

It’s important for doctors to tell the types of skin cancer apart, because they are treated differently. It’s also important for you to know what skin cancers look like. This can help you find them at the earliest possible stage, when they are easier to treat and most likely to be cured.

Skin cancer risk factors

GENERAL

Age: Skin cancer risks increase as you age, which is likely due to accumulated exposure to UV radiation. But skin cancers may also be found in younger individuals who spend a lot of time in the sun. Frequent sunburns, especially when they occurred during childhood, increases the risk of developing melanoma. 

Immune suppression: Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as viruses, diseases or immune suppression therapy associated with organ transplantation, may increase skin cancer risks.

Gender: Men are approximately two times more likely to develop basal cell carcinomas and three times more likely to develop squamous cell carcinomas than women.

BODY

Skin tone: Caucasians have a greater risk of developing skin cancer than non-whites. The risk is also higher in individuals with blond or red hair, blue or green eyes, or skin that burns or freckles easily.

Moles: Most moles are harmless and may never develop into cancer, but having a large number of moles may increase the risk for developing melanoma. The presence of dysplastic nevi (moles that may resemble melanoma) may also increase risk, by 10 percent. Although most dysplastic nevi will not develop into melanomas, a small percentage may, and individuals with these types of moles should see a dermatologist regularly for thorough skin exams.

GENETICS

Family and/or personal history: Individuals with one or more parents or siblings with skin cancer may be at increased risk. Individuals who have previously been diagnosed with skin cancer are also at increased risk for developing the disease again.

Inherited conditions: Conditions such as xeroderma pigmentosum, an inherited disease that affects the skin’s ability to repair UV damage, are at increased risk for developing skin cancers, and may develop them at an earlier age.

LIFESTYLE

Smoking: Smokers are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancers, particularly on the lips.

Chemical exposure: Certain chemicals, including arsenic, industrial tar, coal, paraffin and certain types of oil, may increase the risk for certain types of non-melanoma skin cancers.

UV exposure: People who work outdoors during the day or who choose to spend much of their leisure time outdoors and are exposed to UV light are at an increased risk. People who choose to use tanning beds increase their risk of skin cancer.

Treatment for Skin Cancer

Almost all skin cancers can be treated successfully if diagnosed and treated early. However if not treated, some types of skin cancer can be fatal.

No skin cancer should be neglected. The earlier any skin cancer is diagnosed, the less invasive and more successful any treatment is likely to be.

Get to know your own skin! The better you know any moles, freckles birthmarks and other blemishes you already have, the more likely it is you will recognise anything new or different about your skin.

See your general practitioner (GP) immediately if you see anything that has changed or was not on your skin the last time you looked.

Diagnosing skin cancerYour GP will examine the suspicious spot, freckle or mole. If skin cancer is suspected, a biopsy will usually be done. A biopsy is a quick and simple procedure where part or all of the spot is removed and sent to a laboratory for testing. Your GP will tell you the result of the biopsy. If you have skin cancer your GP can discuss and advise you on the best treatment options for you or refer you to a specialist such as a dermatologist for a second opinion and/or treatment.

 Treating skin cancer

Treatment for skin cancer will depend on a number of factors:

• The type of skin cancer
• The size and location of the skin cancer
• Whether the skin cancer has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body.

 Treatment options can include:

• Surgical removal (excision) of the tumour and surrounding tissue.
• Curettage (scraping and burning).
• Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen (commonly referred to as “˜freezing’).
• Radiotherapy (use of high energy rays such as X-rays to destroy cancer cells within a     specific area).
• MOHS is highly specialised surgery in which the cancer (generally NMSC only) is removed little by little and checked under the microscope immediately.
• Photodynamic therapy – uses a light source and special cream to destroy cancer cells.
• Imiquimod – a cream that destroys skin cancer by stimulating the body’s immune system to fight the cancer.
• Chemotherapy is treatment with drugs, either pills or injections. It may be used to treat melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body.

After treatment you may need regular check-ups with your GP or specialist for early detection of any new skin cancers. If you notice any spots you are worried about between follow-up appointments it is important to speak with your GP or specialist as soon as possible.

OVARIAN CANCER

OVARIAN CANCER
           

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are reproductive glands found only in females (women). The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs travel through the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. The ovaries are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is on each side of the uterus in the pelvic.

Signs and Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer may cause several signs and symptoms. Women are more likely to have symptoms if the disease has spread beyond the ovaries, but even early- stage ovarian cancer can cause them. The most common symptoms include:

• Bloating
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Trouble eating or feeling full quickly
• Urinary symptoms such as urgency (always feeling like you have to go) or frequency (having to go often)

These symptoms are also commonly caused by benign (non-cancerous) diseases and by cancers of other organs. When they are caused by ovarian cancer, they tend to be persistent and represent a change from normal − for example, they occur more often or are more severe. If a woman has these symptoms more than 12 times a month, she should see her doctor, preferably a gynecologist.

Others symptoms of ovarian cancer can include:

• Fatigue
• Upset stomach
• Back pain
• Pain during sex
• Constipation
• Menstrual changes
• Abdominal swelling with weight loss

However, these symptoms are more likely to be caused by other conditions, and most of them occur just about as often in women who don’t have ovarian cancer.

Types of ovarian cancer

The ovaries are made up of three types of cells. Each cell can develop into a different type of tumor:

• Epithelial tumors form in the layer of tissue on the outside of the ovaries. About 90 percent of ovarian cancers are epithelial tumors
• Stromal tumors grow in the hormone-producing cells. Seven percent of ovarian cancers are stromal tumors.
• Germ cell tumors develop in the egg-producing cells. Germ cell tumors are rare .

Ovarian cysts

Most ovarian cysts aren’t cancerous. These are called benign cysts. However, a very small number can be cancerous.

An ovarian cyst is a collection of fluid or air that develops in or around the ovary. Most ovarian cysts form as a normal part of ovulation, which is when the ovary releases an egg. They usually only cause mild symptoms, like bloating, and go away without treatment.

Cysts are more of a concern if you aren’t ovulating. Women stop ovulating after menopause . If an ovarian cyst forms after menopause, your doctor may want to do more tests to find out the cause of the cyst, especially if it’s large or doesn’t go away within a few months.

If the cyst doesn’t go away, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove it just in case. Your doctor can’t determine if it’s cancerous until they remove it surgically.

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown. These factors can increase your risk:

• a family history of ovarian cancer
• genetic mutations of genes associated with ovarian cancer, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2
• a personal history of breast , uterine , or colon cancer
• obesity
• the use of certain fertility drugs or hormone therapies
• no history of pregnancy
• endometriosis

Older age is another risk factor. Most cases of ovarian cancer develop after menopause.

It’s possible to have ovarian cancer without having any of these risk factors. Likewise, having any of these risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get ovarian cancer.

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

It’s much easier to treat ovarian cancer when your doctor diagnoses it in the early stages. However, it’s not easy to detect. Your ovaries are situated deep within the abdominal cavity, so you’re unlikely to feel a tumor. There’s no routine diagnostic screening available for ovarian cancer. That’s why it’s so important for you to report unusual or persistent symptoms to your doctor.

If your doctor is concerned that you have ovarian cancer, they’ll likely recommend a pelvic exam . Performing a pelvic exam can help your doctor discover irregularities, but small ovarian tumors are very difficult to feel. As the tumor grows, it presses against the bladder and rectum. Your doctor may be able to detect irregularities during a rectovaginal pelvic examination.

Your doctor may also do the following tests:

• Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) : This is a type of imaging test that uses sound waves to detect tumors in the reproductive organs, including the ovaries. However, TVUS can’t help your doctor determine whether tumors are cancerous.
• Abdominal and pelvic CT scan : If you’re allergic to dye, they may order an MRI .
• Blood test to measure cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels: This is a biomarker that is used to assess treatment response for ovarian cancer and other reproductive organ cancers. However, menstruation, uterine fibroids , and uterine cancer can also affect levels of CA-125 in the blood.
• Biopsy : This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the ovary and analyzing the sample under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way your doctor can confirm whether you have ovarian cancer.

What are the stages of ovarian cancer?

Your doctor determines the stage based on how far the cancer has spread. There are four stages, and each stage has sub-stages:

Stage 1

Stage 1 ovarian cancer has three sub-stages:

• The cancer is limited, or localized, to one ovary in stage 1A.
• The cancer is in both ovaries in stage 1B.
• In stage 1C, there are also cancer cells on the outside of the ovary.

Stage 2

In stage 2, the tumor has spread to other pelvic structures. In stage 2A, the cancer has spread to the uterus or fallopian tubes. In stage 2B, it has spread to the bladder or rectum.

Stage 3

Stage 3 ovarian cancer has three sub-stages:

• In stage 3A, the cancer has spread beyond the pelvis to the lining of the abdomen and the lymph nodes in the abdomen.
• In stage 3B, the cancer cells are outside of the spleen or liver.
• In stage 3C, deposits of cancer at least 3/4 of an inch are seen on the abdomen or outside the spleen or liver. However, the cancer isn’t inside the spleen or liver.

Stage 4

In stage 4, the tumor has metastasized, or spread, beyond the pelvis, abdomen, and lymph nodes to the liver or lungs. In stage 4A, the cancerous cells are in the fluid around the lungs. Stage 4B is the most advanced stage . In stage 4B, the cells have reached the inside of the spleen or liver or even other distant organs like the skin or brain.

How ovarian cancer is treated

The treatment depends on how far the cancer has spread. A team of doctors will determine a treatment plan depending on your situation. It will most likely include two or more of the following:

• chemotherapy
• radiation
• surgery to stage the cancer and remove the tumor
• targeted therapy
• hormone therapy

Surgery

Surgery is the main treatment for ovarian cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove the tumor, but a hysterectomy , or complete removal of the uterus, is often necessary. Your doctor may also recommend removing both ovaries and fallopian tubes, nearby lymph nodes, and other pelvic tissue. Identifying all tumor locations is difficult. In one study , researchers investigated ways to enhance the surgical process so that it’s easier to remove all of the cancerous tissue.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiation treatments, attack the cancer cells while doing little damage to normal cells in the body. Newer targeted therapies to treat advanced epithelial ovarian cancer include bevacizumab(Avastin) and olaparib (Lynparza). Doctors only use olaparib in people with mutations in the BRCA genes.

Fertility preservation

Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, can damage your reproductive organs, making it difficult to become pregnant. If you want to become pregnant in the future, talk to your doctor before starting treatment. He or she can discuss your options for possibly preserving your fertility. Possible fertility preservation options include:

• Embryo freezing: This involves freezing a fertilized egg.
• Oocyte freezing: This procedure involves freezing an unfertilized egg.
• Surgery to preserve fertility: In some cases, surgery that only removes one ovary and keeps the healthy ovary can be done. This is usually only possible in early stage ovarian cancer.
• Ovarian tissue preservation: This involves removing and freezing ovarian tissue for future use.
• Ovarian suppression: This involves taking hormones to suppress ovarian function temporarily.

Prevention

Different factors cause different types of cancer. Researchers continue to study what factors cause these types of cancer. Although there is no proven way to prevent these diseases completely, you may be able to lower your risk. Talk with your doctor for more information about your personal risk of cancer.

Research has shown that certain factors may reduce a woman's risk of developing ovarian and fallopian tube cancer:

• Taking birth control pills. Women who took oral contraceptives for 3 or more years are 30% to 50% less likely to develop ovarian cancer. The decrease in risk may last for 30 years after a woman stops taking the pills.
• Breastfeeding. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer.
• Pregnancy. The more full-term pregnancies a woman has had, the lower her risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer.
• Surgical procedures. Women who have had a hysterectomy or a tubal ligation may have a lower risk of developing ovarian cancer. A hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus and, sometimes, the cervix. Tubal ligation is having the fallopian tubes “tied” or closed surgically to prevent pregnancy. Doctors recommend a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which is the removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes, for women with a high risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer.